Substances in the surroundings-their states and properties .

Question 1:

In the paragraph below, write ‘solid’, ‘liquid’ or ‘gas’ in each of the brackets depending on the substance referred to just before.
On a bright sunny day, Riya and Gargi are playing with a ball (   ) in the park. Gargi feels thirsty. So, Riya brings tender coconut water (   ) for her. At the same time, a strong breeze (   ) starts blowing and it also begins to rain (   ). They run back into the house (   ), change their clothes (   ) and then their mother gives them a cup (   ) of hot milk (   ) to drink.

ANSWER:

On a bright sunny day, Riya and Gargi are playing with a ball (solid) in the park. Gargi feels thirsty. So, Riya brings tender coconut water (liquid) for her. At the same time, a strong breeze (gas) starts blowing and it also begins to rain (liquid). They run back into the house (solid), change their clothes (solid) and then their mother gives them a cup (solid) of hot milk (liquid) to drink.

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Question 2:

Discuss.
(a) Riya pours some water from her bottle into another bottle. Does it change the shape of the water ?
(b) Halima picks up a small stone from the ground and puts it in the water in a dish. Does the shape of the stone change ?

ANSWER:

a. Yes, the shape of the water will change because liquids do not have a shape of their own. They take the shape of the container in which they are present.

b. No, the shape of the stone will not change by putting it in a dish containing water because solids have definite shape. They do not change their shape and retain it, no matter whatever be the circumstances.

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Question 3:

Write the properties of these substances.
Water, glass, chalk, iron ball, sugar, salt, flour, coal, soil, pen, ink, soap.

ANSWER:

Water- Fluidity
Glass- Transparent, brittle
Chalk- Brittle
Iron ball- Hardness
Sugar- Solubility
Salt- Solubility
Flour-Solubility
Coal- Brittle
Soil- Solubility
Pen- Hard
Ink- Fluidity
Soap- Brittle

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Question 4:

What is sublimation? Write the names of everyday substances that sublimate.

ANSWER:

Sublimation is the change of the gaseous state directly into the solid state, without going through the liquid state, and vice versa. 
Examples of sublimation:- dry ice, moth balls or napthalene balls, camphor (kapur).

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Question 5:

What is it made from? Why?
(a) A sickle to cut sugarcane.
(b) The sheets used for roofing.
(c) A screwdriver
(d) A pair of tongs.
(e) Electric cables.
(f) Ornaments.
(g) Pots and pans.

ANSWER:

(a) A sickle to cut sugarcane- Made out of iron since it is very hard and strong.
(b) The sheets used for roofing- Aluminium is used to make sheets for roofing because it is malleable i.e. it can be hammered into sheets.
(c) A screwdriver- It is made up of steel beacuse it is very hard and duable.
(d) A pair of tongs- They are made up of metals like iron or aluminium beacuse they have high melting points and do not melt while using on flames.
(e) Electric cables- Metals like silver, gold, copper and platinum are used to make wires because they are ductile i.e. they can be drawn into wires.
(f) Ornaments- Metals such as gold and silver are used for making jewellery because they are very lustrous. 
(g) Pots and pans- Copper is used to make pots and pans because it is a good conductor of heat.
 

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Question 6:

What will happen if....? And why ?
(a) Nails are made of plastic.
(b) A bell is made of wood.
(c) Rubber is not fitted on a pair of tongs.
(d) A knife is made of wood.
(e) An axe is made of rubber.

ANSWER:

a. If nails are made out of plastic, they cannot be used for its usual purposes. They could not be hammered like iron nails and ould not possess the strength which iron nails have. It means they would have no strength to hold the things together.

b. If a bell is made of wood, it will not ring. The bells are made up of metals like copper etc. as they show the property of sonority i.e. the ability to produce a ringing sound when striked upon. Wood does not have this property and hence cannot be used to make bells.

c. Tongs are made up of metals and they have the ability to conduct heat. If rubber is attached to the tongs, the heat will be transfered to the rubber and it will melt off.

d. Knife is used to cut vegetables, fruits etc. The regular knifes which we use are made up of metals like iron etc. as they are hard, strong and durable. Also they can be sharpened and moulded into shapes which we desire. Knifes made out of wood cannot be used for cutting or chopping purposes.

e. An axe is used to cut and chop wood. It is made up of metals beacause they are stong, hard and durable. Also they can be moulded and sharpened which is an important characteristic. These properties are not applicable to rubber. An axe made of rubber will neither be hard nor sharp enough so that it can be used for its usual purposes.

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Question 7:

Who am I ?
(a) I’m found in a thermometer, I measure your temperature.
(b) I make things hot or cold.
(c) I have no shape whatsoever !
(d) I dissolve in water, but not in kerosene.

ANSWER:

(a) I’m found in a thermometer, I measure your temperature- Mercury
(b) I make things hot or cold- Temperature
(c) I have no shape whatsoever !- Gas
(d) I dissolve in water, but not in kerosene- Salt

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Question 8:

Why does this happen ?
(a) Coconut oil thickens in winter.
(b) Kerosene left open in a dish disappears.
(c) The fragrance of incense sticks lighted in one corner of a room spreads to the other corner.
(d) What you see in the picture.

ANSWER:

a. Coconut oil is made up of two types of fat- saturated and unsaturated fats. It contains 90% saturated fats and 10% unsaturated fats. It remains liquid at higher temperatures but turns into solid as the temperatures drop in winters. This property of coconut oil is attributed to the higher content of saturated fats. Oils like mustard oil, sunflower oil remain liquid even in winters because they contain less amount of saturated fats as compared to coconut oil.

b. Kerosene left open in a dish disappears because it is a volatile compound. It quickly evopurates if it is kept in open.

c. When the incense stick is lighted, it releases smoke which contains the fragrance. Smoke is a form of gas which quickly spreads in the entire room along with the fragrance and thus making the entire room fragrant.

d. The picture shows two things which are present in tub of water. One is a balloon which floats on the surface of the water while the other is an apple which sinks to the bottom of the tub. The balloon floats on the surface of the water because it has less denity as compared to the density of the water whereas the apple sinks to the bottom of the tub because it has more density than water.

Algebraic Expressions

1.Classify the following algebraic expressions as monomials, binomials, trinomials or  polynomials.

(i) 7x  (ii) 5y −$-$ 7z (iii) 3x³ −$-$5x² −$-$11    (iv) 1 −$-$8a−$-$7a ²−$-$7a³

(v) 5m−$-$3 (vi) a (vii) 4

(viii) 3y²−$-$7y + 5

ANSWER:

It is known that, expressions with one term is called monomial, expressions with two terms are binomials, expressions with three terms are trinomials and expression with more than three terms are polynomials.
(i) 7x = Monomial
(ii) 5y−$-$7z = Binomial
(iii) 3x³−$-$5x²−$-$11 = Trinomial
(iv) 1−$-$8a−$-$7a²−$-$7a³ = Polynomial
(v) 5m−$-$3 = Binomial
(vi) 4 = Monomial
(vii) 3y²−$-$7y+5 = Trinomial

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Question 1:

Add.

(i) 9p + 16q ; 13p + 2q       (ii) 2a + 6b + 8c; 16a + 13c+ 18b  
(iii) 13x²−$-$12y² ; 6x² −$-$ 8y²        (iv) 17a² b² + 16c ; 28c −$-$ 28a² b²
(v) 3y² −$-$ 10y + 16 ; 2y−$-$7 ​       (vi) −$-$3y² + 10y  −$-$16 ; 7y² + 8

 

 

ANSWER:

(i) (9p + 16q) + (13p + 2q)
= 9p + 16q + 13p + 2q
=(9p + 13p) + (16q + 2q)
=22p + 18q

(ii) (2a + 6b + 8c) + (16a + 13c + 18b)
= 2a + 6b + 8c + 16a + 13c + 18b
= (2a + 16a) + (6b + 18b) + (8c + 13c)
= 18a + 24b + 21c

(iii) (13x² − 12y²) + (6x² − 8y²)
= 13x² − 12y² + 6x² − 8y²
= (13x² + 6x²) + (−12y² − 8y²)
=19x² + (−20y²)
=19x² − 20y²

(iv) (17a²b² + 16c) + (28c − 28a²b²)
= 17a²b² + 16c + 28c − 28a²b²
= (17a²b² − 28a²b²) + (16c + 28c)
= −11a²b² + 44c

(v) (3y² − 10y + 16) + (2y − 7)
= 3y² − 10y + 16 + 2y − 7
= 3y² + (−10y + 2y) + (16 − 7)
=3y² + (−8y) + 9
=3y² − 8y + 9

(vi) (−3y² + 10y − 16) + (7y² + 8)
= −3y² + 10y − 16 + 7y² + 8
= (−3y² + 7y²) + 10y  + (−16 + 8)
= 4y² + 10y + (−8)
= 4y² + 10y − 8

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Question 1:

Subtract the second expression from the first.

(i)  (4xy−9z) ; (3xy −16z) (ii)  (5x + 4y + 7z) ; (x + 2y + 3z)

(iii) (14x² + 8xy + 3y² ) ; (26x² − 8xy− 17y²)  (iv) (6x²+ 7xy+ 16y² ) ; (16x² − 17xy)

(v) (4x + 16z) ; (19y −14z + 16x)

ANSWER:

(i) (4xy − 9z) − (3xy − 16z)
= 4xy − 9z − 3xy + 16z
= (4xy − 3xy) + (16z − 9z)
= xy + 7z

(ii) (5x + 4y + 7z) − (x + 2y + 3z)
= 5x + 4y + 7z − x − 2y − 3z
= (5x − x) + (4y − 2y) + ( 7z − 3z)
= 4x + 2y + 4z

(iii) (14x² + 8xy + 3y²) − (26x² − 8xy − 17y²)
= 14x² + 8xy + 3y² − 26x² + 8xy + 17y²
= (14x² − 26x²) + (8xy + 8xy) + (3y² + 17y²)
= −12x² + 16xy + 20y²

(iv) (6x²+ 7xy+ 16y² ) − (16x² −$-$ 17xy)
= 6x² + 7xy + 16y² − 16x² +17xy
= (6x² − 16x²) + (7xy + 17xy) + 16y²
= −10x² + 24xy + 16y²

(v) (4x + 16z) − (19y − 14z + 16x)
= 4x + 16z − 19y + 14z − 16x
= (4x − 16x) + (16z + 14z) − 19y
= −12x + 30z − 19y

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Question 1:

Multiply.

(i) 16xy × 18xy (ii) 23xy² × 4yz² 

(iii) (12a + 17b) × 4c  (iv) (4x + 5y) × (9x + 7y)

ANSWER:

(i) 16xy × 18xy
= 16 × 18 × x × y × x × y
= 288x²y²

(ii) 23xy² × 4yz²
= 23 × 4 × x × y² × y × z²
= 92xy³z²

(iii) (12a + 17b) × 4c
= 12a × 4c + 17b × 4c
= 12 × 4 × a × c + 17 × 4 × b × c
= 48ac + 68bc

(iv) (4x + 5y) × (9x + 7y)
= 4x(9x + 7y) + 5y(9x + 7y)
= 4x × 9x + 4x × 7y + 5y × 9x + 5y × 7y
= 36x² + 28xy + 45xy + 35y²
= 36x² + 73xy +35y²

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Question 2:

A rectangle is (8x + 5) cm long and (5x + 3) cm broad. Find its area.

ANSWER:

Length of the rectangle = (8x + 5) cm
Breadth of the rectangle = (5x + 3) cm
Area of rectangle = length × breadth
= (8x + 5)(5x + 3)
= 8x(5x + 3) + 5(5x + 3)
= 8x × 5x + 8x × 3 + 5 × 5x + 5 × 3
= 40x² + 24x + 25x + 15
= 40x² + 49x + 15
So, area of rectangle is (40x² + 49x + 15) cm².

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Question 1:

Simplify (3x −11y)−(17x  + 13y) and choose the right answer.

 

(i) 7x −12y  (ii) −14x −$-$54y (iii) −3 (5x  + 4y )     (iv) −2 (7x + 12y )

ANSWER:

(3x − 11y) −(17x  + 13y)
= 3x −11y −17x −13y
= (3x − 17x) + (−11y −13y)
= −$-$14x + (−24y)
= −14x − 24y
= −2(7x + 12y)
So, the correct option is (iv).
 

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Question 2:

The product of (23 x² y³ z) and ( −15x³ yz² ) is .................... .

 

(i) −345  x⁵ y⁴ z³   (ii) 345  x² y³ z⁵   (iii) 145 x³y² z    (iv) 170 x³y² z³

ANSWER:

(23x²y³z) × (−15x³yz²)
= 23 × (−15) × x² × y³ × z × x³ × y × z²
= −345x⁵y⁴z³
So, the correct option is (i)

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Question 4:

Rakesh’s age is less than Sania’s age by 5 years. The sum of their ages is 27 years. How old are they?

ANSWER:

Let the age of Sania = x years
Then, the age of Rakesh = (x − 5) years
According to question, sum of ages of Sania and Rakesh is 27 years.
∴ x+(x−5)=27⇒x+x−5=27⇒2x−5=27⇒2x=27+5⇒2x=32⇒x=16$$\begin{gathered} \therefore x+\left(x-5\right)=27 \\ \Rightarrow x+x-5=27 \\ \Rightarrow 2x-5=27 \\ \Rightarrow 2x=27+5 \\ \Rightarrow 2x=32 \\ \Rightarrow x=16 \end{gathered}$$
So, age of Sania = x years = 16 years
age of Rakesh = (x − 5) years = (16 − 5) years = 11 years

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Question 5:

When planting a forest, the number of jambhul trees planted was greater than the number of ashoka trees by 60. If there are altogether 200 trees of these two types, how many jambhul trees were planted ?

ANSWER:

Let the number of ashoka trees planted in the forest = x
Then, the number of jambhul trees planted in the forest = x + 60
According to question, total number of ashoka and jambhul trees planted in the forest is 200.
⇒x + (x+60)=200⇒x+x+60=200⇒2x+60=200⇒2x=200−60⇒2x=140⇒x=1402⇒x=70$$\begin{gathered} \Rightarrow x + \left(x+60\right)=200 \\ \Rightarrow x+x+60=200 \\ \Rightarrow 2x+60=200 \\ \Rightarrow 2x=200-60 \\ \Rightarrow 2x=140 \\ \Rightarrow x=\frac{140}{2} \\ \Rightarrow x=70 \end{gathered}$$
Number of ashoka trees planted in the forest = x = 70
Number of jambhul trees planted in the forest = x + 60 = 70 + 60 = 130

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Question 6:

Shubhangi has twice as many 20-rupee notes as she has 50-rupee notes. Altogether,she has 2700 rupees. How many 50-rupee notes does she have ?

ANSWER:

Let the number of 50-rupee notes = x
Then, the number of 20-rupee notes = 2 × number of 50-rupee notes = 2x
Amount of 50-rupee notes = Rs(50 × x) = Rs 50x
Amount of 20-rupee notes = Rs(20 × 2x) = Rs 40x
It is given that total amount is Rs 2700.
∴ 50x+40x=2700⇒90x=2700⇒x=270090⇒x=30$$\begin{gathered} \therefore 50x+40x=2700 \\ \Rightarrow 90x=2700 \\ \Rightarrow x=\frac{2700}{90} \\ \Rightarrow x=30 \end{gathered}$$
Number of 50-rupee notes = x = 30
Number of 20-rupee notes = 2x = 2 × 30 = 60

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Question 7:

Virat made twice as many runs as Rohit. The total of their scores is 2 less than a double century. How many runs did each of them make ?

ANSWER:

Let the runs scored by Rohit = x
The, the runs scored by Virat = 2 × runs scored by Rohit = 2x
According to question, total of their scores is 2 less than a double century.
∴ x+2x=200−2⇒3x=198⇒x=1983⇒x=66$$\begin{gathered} \therefore x+2x=200-2 \\ \Rightarrow 3x=198 \\ \Rightarrow x=\frac{198}{3} \\ \Rightarrow x=66 \end{gathered}$$
So, runs scored by Rohit = x = 66
Runs scored by Virat = 2x = 2 × 66 = 132

Disaster Management

Question 1:

What are the emergency contact numbers of the following?
(a) Police Control Room
(b) Fire brigade
(c) Ambulance
(d) National level single emergency number for disaster relief.

ANSWER:

(a) 100 should be dialled for Police control room.
(b) 101 should be dialled for Fire brigade.
(c) 102 should be dialled for Ambulance.
(d) 108 should be dialled for National level single emergency number for disaster relief.

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Question 2:

What first aid will you provide in the following situations?
(a) Dog bite
(b) Scratches/ bleeding
(c) Burns/scalds
(d) Snakebite
(e) Sunstroke

ANSWER:

(a) Following first aid should be provided for dog bite:

• A dog bite wound must be very thoroughly cleaned, first with soapy water and then with an antiseptic.

• If this is not done, the bite might lead to rabies.

• Cover the wound with a bandage.

• See a doctor immediately.

(b) Following first aid should be provided for scratches/bleeding:

• Clean the wound with cotton soaked in antiseptic lotion.

• Apply bandage (in case of a smaller wound) or antiseptic lotion and wrap with a bandage (in case of a bigger wound).

• In case of heavy bleeding, tie a handkerchief above the wound to stop bleeding.

​(c) Following first aid should be provided for burns/scalds:

Minor Burns:

• Pour plenty of cold water immediately over it.

• Apply an anti-burn ointment.

• Immediate home remedies:

  •  Apply baking soda mixed with water

  • Apply the paste of turmeric and milk

  • Apply the paste of raw potato

Severe Burns:

• In case clothes of a person catch fire, cover the person with a blanket and make the person roll over the ground in order to put out the fire.

• Make the person lie down in an open space.

• Remove the burnt clothes that are not sticking to the body.

• Give him plenty of water to drink.

• Apply anti-burn ointment on the burn.

​(d) Following first aid should be provided for snakebite:

• Keep the person calm and restrict any movement.

• Do not make him eat or drink anything.

• Tightly tie a handkerchief above the bite to prevent the poison from spreading and reaching the heart or the nervous system.

• Seek medical attention immediately.

​(e) Following first aid should be provided for sunstroke:

• Make the person sit in the shade or a cool place.

• Cover the body with cool damp sheets.

• Make the person drink plenty of water or liquids.

• Apply cooling measures like ice towels.

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Question 3:

Write the causes of the following :
(a) Floods
(b) Forest fires
(c) Land slides/building collapse
(d) Storms
(e) Earthquakes

ANSWER:

(a) Following can be the cause of floods in a region:

• It may occur due to heavy rainfall that leads to overflow of water from the water bodies.
• Sudden melting of huge amount of ice at mountain tops can lead to flood in the regions nearby to mountains.
• Cloudburst can lead to flood.

​(b) Following can be the cause of forest fires:

• Natural calamities like lightning strikes falling on the trees of a forest.
• Man made activities like smoking, setting thermal factories or campfires near the forest area, etc.

(c) Landslide/building collapse can occur due to following reasons:

• Earthquake can cause landslide and building collapse.
• Volcanic eruption can cause landslide.
• Usage of poor quality material for construction of building can lead to its collapse.
• Mining and weathering can cause landslides.

(d) Storms can occur either naturally or due to ecological imbalance occuring due to various human activities.
 
(e)  Earthquakes can occur due to following reasons:

• Volcanic eruption

• Meteors falling on the Earth’s surface

• Underground explosions. For example, underground nuclear tests.

• Collapsing structures such as mines etc.
   
• ​Mining and construction of big dams.

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Question 4:

Answer the following questions.
(a) What is meant by ‘disasters’?
(b) What are the types of disasters?
(c) What is meant by ‘disaster management’?
(d) Which are the main components of disaster management?

ANSWER:

(a) A sudden happening that causes enormous damage to life, property and social aspects of a nation or society is called a disaster.

(b) Disasters are of two types:
Man-made disasters: These disasters are the result of technological or human hazards. Examples of man-made disasters are road accidents, forest fires, collapsing of building due to usage of poor quality materials, etc.
Natural disasters: There are due to imbalance occurring in nature various environmental factors. Examples of natural disasters are earthquakes, volcanic eruption, etc.

(c) Disaster management is the strategy and course of action to be executed at the time of any disaster to save as much life as possible. 

(d) Main components of disaster management are:
Preparation: A plan is created to minimise the damage if a disaster occurs.
Redemption: It is the plan to minimise the damage to the society and country.
Preparedness: A plan is chalked out to get quick response from public and administration.
Impact of disaster: Intensity of disaster and disaster management are reviewed.
Response: This stage deals with providing immediate response after an incident has occurred.
Resurgence: It is an important link between emergency measures and national progress. It includes the steps which are required for the welfare and rehabilitation of the nation. 
Restoration: It is an important link between measures after disaster and national development. It includes steps useful for progress of
nation and rehabilitation.

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Question 5:

Find out about the work of a ‘Sarpa-mitra’.

ANSWER:

Sarpamitra (friend of snake) protects and safeguards snakes. They also demonstrate to people the various aspects of snakes and snake bites, what precautions and first-aid should be given in case of snake bite and the general idea of how to classify the snakes into poisonous and non-poisonous.

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Question 6:

Find out what a first aid kit/box contains.

ANSWER:

First aid box should contain the following things:

• First-aid manual
• Sterile gauze pads of different sizes
• Adhesive tape
• Adhesive bandages in several sizes
• Elastic bandage
• A splint
• Antiseptic wipes
• Soap
• Antibiotic ointment
• Antiseptic solution (like hydrogen peroxide)
• Hydrocortisone cream (1%)
• Extra prescription medications
• Tweezers
• Sharp scissors
• Safety pins
• Disposable instant cold packs
• Calamine lotion
• Alcohol wipes or ethyl alcohol
• Thermometer
• Tooth preservation kit
• Plastic non-latex gloves (at least 2 pairs)
• Flashlight and extra batteries
• A blanket
• Mouthpiece for administering CPR (can be obtained from your local Red Cross)
• List of emergency phone numbers

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Question 7:

Suggest remedial measures for dealing with natural or man-made disasters.

Disaster	Remedy	Disaster	Remedy
Fire		Earthquake
Building collapse		Deluge
Road accident		Storm
Flood		Tsunami
War		Drought
Bomb explosion		Landslide

ANSWER:

Disaster	Remedy	Disaster	Remedy
Fire	Call fire brigade, use fire extinguisher	Earthquake	Give help to clear debris, call ambulance to send victims to hospitals
Building collapse	Give help to clear debris, call ambulance to send victims to hospitals	Deluge	Donate food and clothing for flood victims, stay at some height if possible
Road accident	Call ambulance, give immediate first-aid and emotional support	Storm	Provide shelter and help in clearing the debris
Flood	Donate food and clothing for flood victims, stay at some height if possible	Tsunami	Move to a safer place, donate food and clothing for victims
War	Give shelter to innocent victims, provide food and clothing and first-aid to the victims	Drought	Donate food and water for victims, provide shelter and monetary help
Bomb explosion	Call ambulance, take the victims to a safer place and provide basic first-aid	Landslide	Help in rehabilitation services

Ch.2 The Living World

Question 1:

Write the answers to the following questions in your own words.
(a) What are the differences between plants and animals ?
(b) What are the similarities between plants and animals ?
(c) How is the plant kingdom useful to us ?
(d) How is the animal kingdom useful to us ?
(e) What makes living things different from non-living things ?

ANSWER:

a. 

Plants	Animals
They can make their own food by the process of photosynthesis. They are autotrophs.	They cannot make their own food. They are heterotrophs.
They show movement, but cannot show locomotion i.e., they cannot change their position from one place to another.	They show movement as well as locomotion.
They show response to stimuli, but lack sense organs.	They also show response to stimuli and have well-developed sense organs.
They grow throughout their life.	They stop growing once they reach their adult form.

b. Apart from various differences, plants and animals also have some similarities. Plants and animals both show vital processes like growth, reproduction, respiration and excretion. Both of them require energy to carry out their various functions.


c. The plant kingdom has various uses in our life like:

• they provide habitat for a variety of organisms.
• they are the major producers of oxygen.
• they provide us with wood, that is a source of fuel and other products.
• they provide us with plants that have medicinal and ornamental importance.

d. The animal kingdoms is useful to us in various ways. The animals from the animal kingdom can be domesticated for various purposes. There are three categories of useful domesticated animals.

• Milk and Flesh Yielding Animals- These are the animals from which we obtain food products. They include cattle, goat, poultry, pig, sheep, etc.

• Draught Animals- These are the animals used for transportation, ploughing of fields, and other agricultural activities. They are hardy and can lift heavy loads.

• Fibre, Hide, and Skin Yielding Animals- These animals yield useful products such as fibre (wool), hide, etc. They include sheep, goat, cattle, camel, etc.

e. 

Living things	Non-living things
They are made up of cells.	They are not made up of cells.
They show movement, but the energy for movement comes from within the organism.	They show movement by taking external force or energy.
They require food.	They do not require food.
Growth in them is irreversible.	Growth is reversible.
Respiration occurs in which food is oxidised to release energy.	They do not require respiration.
Reproduction occurs in living things.	Non-living things do not reproduce.

Page No 17:

Question 2:

What helps them to breathe ?

(a) A fish	(b) A snake
(c) A crane	(d) An earthworm
(e) Man	(f) A banyan tree
(g) A caterpillar

ANSWER:

(a) A fish- Gills
(b) A snake- External nares (they are similar to nose in humans)
(c) A crane- Nostrils
(d) An earthworm- Skin
(e) Man- Nose
(f) A banyan tree- Microscopic pores on leaves
(g) A caterpillar- Tiny holes on their body known as spiracles

Page No 17:

Question 3:

Fill in the blanks with the proper words from the brackets.
(a) The process by which plants make their own food is called ............ .
(b) To inhale ......... and to exhale ........ is called respiration.
(c) The elimination of waste substances from the body is called ............ .
(d) The ability to respond to an event is called ..... to ...... .
(e) On completing their lifespan, every living thing ........ .
(oxygen, dies, excretion, carbon dioxide, responsiveness, photosynthesis, stimuli)

ANSWER:

(a) The process by which plants make their own food is called photosynthesis.
(b) To inhale oxygen and to exhale carbon dioxide is called respiration.
(c) The elimination of waste substances from the body is called excretion.
(d) The ability to respond to an event is called responsiveness to stimuli.
(e) On completing their lifespan, every living thing dies.
(oxygen, dies, excretion, carbon dioxide, responsiveness, photosynthesis, stimuli)

Page No 17:

Question 4:

Write the uses of these animals and plants.
Animals : Honeybees, sharks, yaks, sheep, earthworms, dogs, bivalves, horses, mice.
Plants : Ginger, mango, eucalyptus, babul (acacia), teak, spinach, aloevera, turmeric, holy basil, karanja , moh , mulberry, grapevine.

ANSWER:

Animals	Uses
1. Honeybees	Provide us with honey and wax.
2. Sharks	Used in medicines, cosmetics, pet products etc.
3. Yaks	Used for obtaining wool.
4. Sheep	Used for obtaining wool.
5. Earthworm	Used in agriculture for composting(vermicomposting).
6. Dogs	As pets.
7. Bivalves	Used as a source of food.
8. Horses	For transportation.
9. Mice	As pets and models for testing various experiments.

Plant	Uses
1. Ginger	Used in foods and for medicinal purposes.
2. Mango	For obtaining fruits.
3. Eucalyptus	For making paper and essential oils.
4. Babul (Acacia)	Used in tooth pastes and other medicinal purposes.
5. Teak	Used in making furnitures.
6. Spinach	Used as food.
7. Aloe vera	Used for cosmetic and medicinal purposes.
8. Turmeric	Used as a spice and for various medicinal purposes.
9. Holy basil	Spiritual importance and for various medicinal purposes.
10. Karanja	Used for medicinal purposes like treating skin diseases.
11. Moh	Used for medicinal purposes.
12. Mulberry	For obtaining fruits.
13. Grapevine	For obtaining fruits and making wine.

Page No 17:

Question 5:

What are the peculiarities of the movements of these living things ?
Living things : Snakes, tortoises, kangaroos, eagles, chameleons, frogs, gulmohur, sweet potato creeper, dolphins, ants, rattlesnakes, grasshoppers, earthworms.

ANSWER:

Living thing	Movement
1. Snakes	Crawl
2. Tortoises	Swim and crawl
3. Kangaroos	Jump
4. Eagles	Fly
5. Chameleons	Walk
6. Frogs	Swim and hop
7. Gulmohar	Grows in the direction of light
8. Sweet potato	Grows in the direction of gravity
9. Creeper	Grows in the direction of light
10. Dolphins	Swim using fins
11. Ants	Walk
12. Rattlesnakes	Crawl
13. Grasshoppers	Hops
14. Earthworm	Crawl

Page No 17:

Question 6:

Write in detail about how the plants and animals found in your surroundings prove useful or harmful.

ANSWER:

There are so many kinds of plants and animals which we find in our surroundings. These plants and animals can be both useful and harmful to us. The follwoing points support this fact:

Useful plants:

• Plants like tulsi, mint, ashwagandha, neem etc. are called medicinal plants and have various medicinal properties.
• There are many plants which provide us with fruits and vegetables like mango etc.
• Certain plants are used for ornamental purposes like money plant etc.
• There are plants from which we obtain rubber which is used in the manufacture of tiers, tubes, raincoats, belts, sports goods, etc.
• Flowers like rose, jasmine, lavender, champa, saffron etc. are used for extracting sweet smelling oils called perfumes.

Harmful plants:

• Partehnium is a type of plant which can cause pollen allergy to humans.
• White Cedar is a small neem-like tree with attractive yellow fruits. These are lethal if taken by children and cause vomiting, diarrhea and difficulty in breathing in adults.
• Leaves of colocasia and pods of nettle cause itching.
• Datura is an example of poisnous plants.

Useful animals

• Milk and Flesh Yielding Animals- These are the animals from which we obtain food products. They include cattle, goat, poultry, pig, sheep, etc.
• Draught Animals- These are the animals used for transportation, ploughing of fields, and other agricultural activities. They are hardy and can lift heavy loads.
• Fibre, Hide, and Skin Yielding Animals- These animals yield useful products such as fibre (wool), hide, etc. They include sheep, goat, cattle, camel, etc.

All animals and insects are not useful, some of them can cause a lot of harm to our health and also to our crops. Such animals and insects are known as pests.

• Insects, like grasshoppers, beetles etc. cause enormous damage to the agricultural crops and thus affect their yield.
• Animals like tigers, lions etc. can enter human settlement and may kill domestic animals and people.
• Caterpillars or larvae of many insects feed on the leaves on which they live.
• Stored grains are also attacked by rodents like rats and rabbits and by many kind of moths, caterpillars and beetles.
   

Ch.03 . Diversity in living things and their classification

Page No 25:

Question 1:

Match the pairs.

A Group	B Group
(a) Amphibian	(1) A Monkey
(b) Vertebrate	(2) A Snake
(c) With scales	(3) A Frog

ANSWER:

A Group	B Group
(a) Amphibian	(3) A Frog
(b) Vertebrate	(1)A Monkey
(c) With scales	(2) A Snake

Page No 25:

Question 2:

Who is the odd one out ?
(a) Fungus, mushroom, chrysanthemum, spirogyra
(b) Mango, banyan, palm, chick pea
(c) Grape, orange, lemon, hibiscus
(d) Sunflower, banyan, jowar, bajra
(e) Guava, radish, carrot, beetroot
(f) Deer, fish, man, worms

ANSWER:

(a) Fungus, mushroom, chrysanthemum, spirogyra- Chrysanthemum is the odd one out because it is a flowering plant whereas rest of them are non flowering.

(b) Mango, banyan, palm, chick pea- Chick pea is the odd one out because it is a type of herb whereas rest of them are types of trees.

(c) Grape, orange, lemon, hibiscus- Grape is the odd one out because it is a climber while rest of them are shrubs.

(d) Sunflower, banyan, jowar, bajra- Banyan is the odd one out because it is a perennial plants whereas rest of them are annual plants.

(e) Guava, radish, carrot, beetroot- Guava is the odd one out because it is a perrenial plant whereas rest of them are biennial plants.

(f) Deer, fish, man, worms- Worm is the odd one out because it is an invertebrate whereas rest of them are vertebrates.

Page No 25:

Question 3:

What is the difference ?
(a) Flowering plants – non-flowering plants
(b) A tree – a shrub
(c) Vertebrates – invertebrates

ANSWER:

a. 

Flowering Plants	Non-flowering Plants
They have flowers and produce seeds and fruits.	They do not produce flowers, seeds, and fruits
They have structures like roots, stems and leaves.	They amy or may not have structures like roots, stems and leaves.
Ex- Tulip and Mango	Ex- Ferns and Mosses

b. 

Trees	Shrubs
1. Plants which grow very tall and have strong, hard stems or trunks are called trees.	Plants which grow upto a medium height are called shrubs.
2. They have branches which are at some height above the ground.	They have branches which are very close to the ground.
3. Mango tree, neem tree etc.	Oleander, hibiscus etc.

c. 

Vertebrates	Invertebrates
They have a backbone made up of vertebrae.	They do not have a backbone.
They can be cold blooded or warm blooded.	They are always cold blooded.
They have a well developed brain.	They do not have a well developed brain.
Example: frog and lizard	Example: Earthworm and snail

Page No 25:

Question 4:

True or false ?
(a) The snail is an aquatic animal.
(b) Amphibians can live in air and in water.
(c) The function of the brain is well developed in vertebrate animals.
(d) The amoeba is a multicellular animal.

ANSWER:

(a) The snail is an aquatic animal.- False
(b) Amphibians can live in air and in water.- False
(c) The function of the brain is well developed in vertebrate animals.- True
(d) The amoeba is a multicellular animal.- False

Page No 25:

Question 5:

Write two names of each.
(a) A flowering plant
(b) A non-flowering plant
(c) A tree
(d) A shrub
(e) A creeper
(f) An annual plant
(g) A biennial plant
(h) A perennial plant

ANSWER:

(a) A flowering plant- Rose and lotus
(b) A non-flowering plant- Ferns and mosses
(c) A tree- Mango and neem
(d) A shrub- Lemon and henna
(e) A creeper- Money plant and cucumber
(f) An annual plant- Marigold and corn
(g) A biennial plant- Carrots and parseley
(h) A perennial plant- Asparagus and artichoke

Page No 25:

Question 6:

Write answers to the following.
(a) What are the parts of a plant ?
(b) What are the functions of the root ?
(c) Why is it necessary to classify living things ?
(d) What are the criteria used to classify living things ?
(e) Tell some characteristics of creepers.
(f) Explain the characteristics of herbs with two examples.
(g) On the basis of which criteria will you classify plants and animals ?
(h) What protects the bodies of animals?

ANSWER:

Ans 6 a. The various parts of a plants are:

• Roots: They absorb water and minerals from the soil and also anchor the plant firmly in the soil.
• Stems: Spread out branches to bear leaves, flowers and fruits, conducts water and minerals to different plant parts and performs functions of storage, support, protection and vegetative propagation.
• Leaf: They are called ‘food factories’ of a plant. They carry out photosynthesis, a process by which they synthesize their food.
• Flower:  In plants, flower is the functional unit concerned with the sexual reproduction of plants.
• Fruits: They have different shapes and contain one or more seeds.

b. The functions of the roots are as follows:

• they help in anchoring the plant to the soil.
• they also help in the absorption of water and nutrients from the soil.

c. Importance of classification:

(i) Classification ensures uniformity. All life forms can be studied on a common platform.

(ii) Classification ensures the study of interrelationship between various groups.

(iii) It helps us to study many organisms at same time.

d. Organisms can be classified on the basis of similarities and differences in their structure, their organs and other characteristics.


e. Plants which cannot stand upright, and spread on the ground are called creepers. They show characteristics like:

• their stem is very flexible, soft and green
• it grows rapidly with the help of a support

f. Herbs have the following characteristics:

• they grow upto the size 1-1.5 metres
• they have green and flexible stems
• they can live upto few months or upto two years
• examples of herbs include tulsi, parsley, mint etc.

g. Plants and animals are classified on the basis of different characteritics:

Plants are classified on the basis of 

• height
• shape of stems
• period of life cycle
• habitat

Animals are classified on the basis of:

• cell structure
• vertebral coloumn
• method of reproduction
• habitat

h. There are different mechanisms by which animals protect themselves from danger such as their predators:

• Some organisms are covered by hard shells to protect themselves. For example, garden snail, tortoise etc. have a heard shell which they use to hide themselves under danger conditions.
• Star fish and porcupines have spines on their surface which they can use against their enemies.
• Organisms like chameleon and frogs can change their colours according to the surrounding environment. It is known as chamouflaging.
• Animals which are found in very cold regions have a thick layer of fat under the skin and thick fur to protect them from extreme cold conditions.

Page No 25:

Question 7:

Draw figures.
Draw the figure of a plant to show the parts, namely, the root, stem and leaves in it.

ANSWER:

Joint Bar Graph

Page No 53:

Question 1:

The number of saplings planted by schools on World Tree Day is given in the table below. Draw a joint bar graph to show these figures.

School Name	Name of sapling	Almond	Karanj	Neem	Ashok	Gulmohar
Nutan Vidyalaya		40	60	72	15	42
Bharat Vidyalaya		42	38	60	25	40

ANSWER:

The required joint bar graph is shown below.

Page No 53:

Question 2:

The table below shows the number of people who had the different juices at a juice bar on a Saturday and a Sunday. Draw a joint bar graph for this data.

Days	Fruits	Sweet Lim	Orange	Apple	Pineapple
Saturday		43	30	56	40
Sunday		59	65	78	67

ANSWER:

The required joint bar graph is shown below.

Page No 54:

Question 3:

The following numbers of votes were cast at 5 polling booths during the Gram Panchayat elections. Draw a joint bar graph for this data.

Persons	Booth No.	1	2	3	4	5
Men		200	270	560	820	850
Women		700	240	340	640	470

ANSWER:

The required joint bar graph is shown below.

Page No 54:

Question 4:

The maximum and minimum temperatures of five Indian cities are given in °C. Draw a joint bar graph for this data.

Temperature	City.	Delhi	Mumbai	Kolkata	Nagpur	Kapurthala
Maximum temperature		35	32	37	41	37
Minimum temperature		26	25	26	29	26

ANSWER:

The required joint bar graph is shown below.

Page No 54:

Question 5:

The numbers of children vaccinated in one day at the government hospitals in Solapur and Pune are given in the table. Draw a joint bar graph for this data.

City	Vaccine	D.P.T. (Booster)	Polio (Booster)	Measles	Hepatitis
Solapur		65	60	65	63
Pune		89	87	88	86

ANSWER:

The required joint bar graph is shown below.

Page No 54:

Question 6:

The percentage of literate people in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat are given below. Draw a joint bar graph for this data.

State	Year	1971	1981	1991	2001	2011
Maharashtra		46	57	65	77	83
Gujarat		40	45	61	69	79

ANSWER:

The required joint bar graph is shown below.