Question 1:
Who are my companions ?
Group 'A' Group 'B'
1. Stainless steel (a) Non-metal
2. Silver (b) compound
3. Bhajini mixture (c) Mixture
for milling
4. Salt (d) Element
5. Coal (e) Alloy
6. Hydrogen (f) Metal
ANSWER:
Group 'A' Group 'B'
1. Stainless steel (e) Alloy
2. Silver (f) Metal
3. Bhajini mixture (c) Mixture
for milling
4. Salt (b) compound
5. Coal (a) Non-metal
6. Hydrogen (d) Element
Page No 99:
Question 2:
Write the names of elements from the following symbols :
Zn , Cd, Xe, Br, Ti, Cu, Fe, Si, Ir, Pt.
ANSWER:
Zn- Zinc
Cd- Cadmium
Xe- Xenon
Br- Barium
Ti- Titanium
Cu- Copper
Fe- Iron
Si- Silicon
Ir- Iridium
Pt- Platinum
Page No 99:
Question 3:
What are the molecular formulae of the following compounds ?
Hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, sodium chloride , glucose, methane.
ANSWER:
Hydrochloric acid- HCl
Sulphuric acid- H2SO4
Sodium chloride- NaCl
Glucose- C6H12O6
Methane- CH4
Page No 99:
Question 4:
Give scientific reasons.
(a) Buttermilk is churned to get butter .
(b) In chromatography, the ingredients of a mixture rise up to a limited height water rises up to upper end of the paper .
(c) A wet cloth is wrapped around a water storage container in summer .
ANSWER:
a. Butter milk has two components- water and fat/cream. Churning helps in the separation of these two components. The fat/cream collects on the top as a result of churning while the remaining part is left behind as liquid.
b. Chromatography is a separation technique used to separate the different components in a liquid mixture. Separation of substances by chromatography is based on two properties of the substance:
- solubility of the substance in the solvent that moves up
- ability of the substance to stick to the stationary filter paper
c. A wet cloth is wrapped around water containers in summers to keep the container and the water inside it cools. The water present in the cloth evapourates and along with that water the heat also evapourates thus keeping the container and water cool.
Page No 99:
Question 5:
Explain the difference .
(a) Metals and non-metals
(b) Mixture and compounds
(c) Atoms and molecules
(d) Separation by distillation and by separating funnel
ANSWER:
a.
| Physical properties | Metals | Non-metals |
| Malleability and ductility | They can be beaten into sheets and wires | They cannot form sheets or wires |
| Sonority | Metals are sonorous, they produce a ringing sound on beating | They are non−sonorous |
| Conduction | They conduct heat and electricity | Non-metals do not allow heat and electricity to pass through them |
| Chemical Properties | ||
| Nature of oxides | Metallic oxides are basic in nature | Oxides of non−metals are acidic |
| Reaction with water | Metals react with water | Non−metals do not react with water |
| Reaction with acids | Metals react with acids to produce hydrogen gas | They generally do not react with acids |
b.
| Mixture | Compound | ||
| 1. | 1It is obtained by the physical combination of any two substances. | 1. | It is formed when two or more substances chemically combine in a fixed ratio. |
| 2. | The composition of the constituents present in a mixture is not fixed. | 2. | The composition of elements present in a compound is fixed. |
| 3. | It displays the properties of all its constituents. | 3. | It may or may not show the properties of its constituent elements. |
| 4. | The constituents of a mixture can be separated using physical methods. | 4. | The constituent elements of a compound can be separated only by using chemical methods. |
| 5. | No change of energy is involved during the formation of a mixture. | 5. | Change of energy is involved during the formation of a compound. |
c.
| Atoms | Molecules | ||
| (i) | Atoms are the smallest particles of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction. | (i) | Molecules are the smallest parts of an element or compound, which exist independently. |
| (ii) | They do not break up during chemical reactions. | (ii) | They break up during chemical reactions. |
| (iii) | They may or may not exist in free state. | (iii) | They exist in free forms. |
d.
Separation by distillation | Separation by separating funnel |
1. This method is employed for separation of two miscible liquids. | This method is employed for separation of two immiscible liquids. |
2. It is based on the difference in the boiling points of two liquids. | It is based on the difference in the densities of the two liquids. |
Page No 99:
Question 6:
Write answer to the following question in your own words.
(a) How are the components of mixtures separated by simple methods ?
(b) Which elements ( metals and non-metals), compounds and mixtures do we use in our day-to-day life?
(c) In everyday life, where and for what purpose do we use centrifugation?
(d) Where are the methods of separation by distillation and by separating funnel used ? Why ?
(e) Which precaution will you take while using the methods of distillation and separation by separating funnel ?
ANSWER:
a. The components of mixtures are separated by simple methods like:
Distillation: Distillataion and separating funnels are used in separation of liquid mixtures. Distillation is a method which is used for separating two miscible liquids. It is based on the difference in the boiling points of two liquids. Distillation can either be simple or fractional. Simple distillation can be used for liquids which have huge difference in their boiling points whereas fractional distillation is used in case of liquids which have close boiling points. Distillation can be used in the production of gasoline, distilled water, xylene, alcohol, paraffin, kerosene apart from separating mixtures.
Separating funnels: Separation using separating funnels is used in case of immiscible liquids. It is based on the difference in the density of the two liquids. It can be used in separation of oil from water etc, two different types of immiscible oils etc.
Chromatography: It can be used to separate the coloured components of a mixture on the basis of the difference in the speeds of the components on chromatograph paper, when dissolved in the same solvent. The adsorbent paper acts as the stationary phase; it carries the components of the mixture on the paper. The mixture acts as the mobile phase and the components get separated. The component which moves slowly (i.e., the less-soluble component) appears as a spot on the lower side of the paper. The component which moves faster (i.e., the more-soluble component) appears as a dot on the higher side of the paper.
Centrifugation: Centrifugation is the process where a mixture is separated through spinning. It is used to separate skim milk from whole milk, water from your clothes, and blood cells from the blood plasma.
b. Examples of mixtures we use in our daily life are- lemon and water, sugar and milk, salt and water, cereal and milk, cement, air, etc.
Examples of compounds we use in our daily life are- salt (NaCl), sugar (C12H22O11), baking powder (NaHCO3), vinegar (CH3COOH), ethanol etc.
Examples of elements we use in our daily life are- aluminium, copper, iron, silver, gold etc.
c. We use centrifugation for the following purposes in our daily lives:
- Drying of wet clothes in the spin tub of a washing machine
- Extraction of DNA for forensic and experimental purposes
- Separation of blood components in medical science
- Working of roller coasters in amusement park
- Removing water from wet lettuce in salad spinner
Separation using separating funnels is used in case of immiscible liquids. It is based on the difference in the density of the two liquids. It can be used in separation of oil from water etc, two different types of immiscible oils etc.
e. Precautions to be used during disitillation:
- The apparatus should be set in a proper manner with all the components fitted well.
- Never heat the system that is totally closed from the outside atmosphere to prevent explosion.
- Add boiling chips to reduce bumping (rapid boiling causing the liquid to expel out of the container).
- Control the rate of heating so not to overheat to avoid bumping.
Precautions to be used while using separating funnel for separation:
- The funnel should be tightly fixed to the stand in an errect position.
- The liquid in the funnel should be left undisturbed to allow it to separate.
- The stopper should be removed carefully without disturbing the setup.
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